Grounding the Development of Ontologies for Fictional Characters

Tracking #: 4010-5224

Authors: 
Luca Scotti
Federico Pianzola
Franziska Pannach

Responsible editor: 
Guest Editors 2025 OD+CH

Submission type: 
Full Paper
Abstract: 
This paper investigates the methodological foundations and theoretical assumptions behind the construction of computational ontologies for modeling narrative and fiction, with a focus on literary characters. We survey and critically assess a set of existing domain-specific ontologies for fictional narrative, evaluating their modeling strategies, taking into consideration their philosophical and knowledge representation criteria. Drawing from ontology engineering principles and foundational frameworks such as DOLCE and BFO, we propose a two-class ontology mapping methodology (harmonisation and alignment) to evaluate and foster semantic interoperability across the considered models. An experimental ontology pattern for fictional characters is then introduced and aligned with both DOLCE and BFO via CIDOC-CRM, revealing the ontological commitments and modeling trade-offs required to formalise the nuanced nature of fictional entities. This study offers a preliminary attempt to explore how foundational ontologies might support conceptual clarity, while also highlighting the epistemological challenges involved in representing complex, non-referential cultural artifacts. Ultimately, this work aims to highlight the relevance of ontologies as a shared infrastructure for computational literary studies, supporting interdisciplinary collaboration, fostering Open Science and encouraging more structured, transparent, and conceptually grounded approaches to the representation and analysis of cultural phenomena.
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Tags: 
Reviewed

Decision/Status: 
Accept

Solicited Reviews:
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Review #1
Anonymous submitted on 18/Jan/2026
Suggestion:
Accept
Review Comment:

The authors have revised the manuscript in accordance with the recommendations and have addressed all questions thoroughly. Thank you. I believe that, in its current form, the paper is ready for publication.

Review #2
Anonymous submitted on 18/Jan/2026
Suggestion:
Minor Revision
Review Comment:

I am satisfied with the revised version of the paper and with the way the authors have addressed several of the points raised in the review process. In particular, the clarification of the methodological scope of the contribution and the discussion of the limits of ontological mapping and alignment significantly improve the overall coherence and transparency of the work.

The paper remains, in my view, a solid and valuable contribution, not only as a critical survey of existing ontologies for narrative and fiction, but also for the concrete effort of harmonisation and alignment across heterogeneous models. Given the intrinsic difficulty of ontology mapping, the results presented are appropriate for the stated aims of the paper.

One issue, however, remains open and should, in my opinion, be acknowledged more explicitly, even if it is not meant to be solved within the scope of this work. Namely, the attribution of properties or attributes to fictional characters is not a neutral operation, but a practical and interpretative act rooted in literary and scholarly practices. Deciding whether a character possesses a given attribute (for instance, whether Hamlet is mad) is often controversial, context-dependent, and subject to competing interpretations. This raises the practical question of who is entitled to populate the ontology with such attributes, and according to which criteria.

I fully agree that addressing this issue in a systematic way would go beyond the objectives of the present contribution. However, I would recommend explicitly flagging this limitation, possibly in a note pointing to alternative approaches in applied ontology rather than treating character attributes as unproblematic facts. This would help situate the proposed pattern within the broader landscape without requiring any substantial extension of the current model.

Overall, I recommend acceptance with minor revisions.

Review #3
By Kalliopi Kontiza submitted on 04/Feb/2026
Suggestion:
Accept
Review Comment:

The authors have carefully addressed all the reviewers comments, and the manuscript is now suitable for publication. Introduction has been reworked and does allow the reader to progress towards the paper's objectives. Methodology section was reworked in terms of breaking long blocks of text in structured paragraphs as well as sections 4.1.3, 4.1.4., 4.1.5.
A minor comment for the State of the Art section: it is now presented as an numbered list with clear breaks although items ii and iii appear on the same paragraph implying that both of them are "tailored to the identification of potential relationships between a set of archetypes and the implicit narrative elements present in every form of artwork;" there is also a duplicate 'ix'.
All of my remaining concerns have been satisfactorily addressed, and I have revised my decision to accept the manuscript.